Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune disease that causes the skin and sometimes internal organs to become thick and hard. The name "scleroderma" comes from the Greek words "sclero," meaning hard, and "derma," meaning skin. The disease occurs when the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues, leading to the production of too much collagen (the protein that helps form skin and connective tissues). This extra collagen builds up, causing stiffness and scarring.

There are two main types of scleroderma:

1. Local (or localized) scleroderma: This type mainly affects the skin, causing patches of thick, hard skin, usually on the hands, arms, or face. It does not generally affect internal organs.

2. Systemic scleroderma (or systemic sclerosis): This is a more serious form, where both the skin and internal organs such as the lungs, heart, kidneys, and digestive system can be affected. It can lead to severe complications because the organs may become stiff and less able to function properly.

The symptoms of scleroderma can vary depending on which part of the body is affected, but common signs include:

• Thick, tight skin: The skin may become shiny and tight, making it feel hard or stiff.
• Raynaud’s phenomenon: This is when fingers and toes turn white, blue, or red in response to cold or stress, because the blood vessels constrict.
• Swollen fingers or hands: Fingers can become puffy, and there might be swelling in the hands or wrists.
• Joint pain or stiffness: Joints may become painful or difficult to move due to thickened skin around them.
• Difficulty swallowing: If the digestive system is affected, people may have trouble swallowing food or liquids.

Systemic scleroderma can also cause serious issues with internal organs. For example, it may lead to lung problems like difficulty breathing, heart issues like high blood pressure in the lungs, or kidney problems that can be life-threatening if not treated.

The exact cause of scleroderma is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as infections or exposure to certain chemicals.

There is no cure for scleroderma, but treatment is available to help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Medications may be used to control inflammation, suppress the immune system, or manage specific symptoms like high blood pressure or digestive problems. In some cases, physical therapy may help improve mobility, and other treatments can help manage organ involvement.

Scleroderma can be a challenging condition to live with, but with the right treatment, people with scleroderma can lead active lives and manage their symptoms effectively. The severity of the disease varies from person to person, and many people with localized scleroderma can live without major complications.